Steps in Scientific Writing

Steps in Scientific Writing
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

This time I will explain about the Steps in Scientific Writing:

Scientific papers (English: scientific paper) is written and published a report describing the results of research or studies that have been done by a person or a team to meet the rules and ethics of science are confirmed and adhered to by the scientific community.

There are various types of scientific work, among other research reports, seminars or symposia papers, and journal articles that essentially all of which is a product of the activities of scientists. The data, conclusions, and other information contained in the scientific work as a reference for other scientists to carry out research or further study.

In college, particularly the S1 level, students are trained to produce scientific work such as papers, lab reports, and thesis (final project). Thesis is generally a small-scale research reports, but done quite profound. Meanwhile, the papers are assigned to students over a knot and scientific thinking of students based on review of scientific papers written by experts in the field of problems are studied. The preparation of lab reports assigned to students as a vehicle to develop the ability to prepare research reports.

Writing scientific papers often report a problem a lot of people. Starting from smp which may have been made ​​to the scientific work on doctoral candidates who are in the dissertation. Various reasons put forward as there is no time, busy, cost less and others.

Completing the report scholarly work related to writing activities. As we all know, writing is masi language skills are becoming a problem in our country. Writing skills can not come up with immediately. It takes a mix of talents and cooperation between man and linguistic insights. Talents childbirth spirit writing, and linguistic insights into capital for skilled writing. The talent is not enough, because as a needed capability exercise regularly and properly as a destination for sharpening skills already possessed. The more often the ability to practice writing, the better. If only just to clever writing, it only takes a couple of months. But to be a good writer takes a long time, even years.

Posts are effective if based on the same principles as before, namely clarity, permanence, and kenalaran. Just as an experiment, writing should be based on good coordination and neat. Like one of the linguists said Petrson, 1980 that good coordination is the key to good writing.

Writing the report scholarly works as well as other popular scientific works. Therefore, in this paper I picked up the theme of writing scientific papers.


Step - a step in the writing of scientific papers are as follows:


1. Stage Preparation


Basically, the most important thing that must be considered by an author of scientific papers on this preparatory phase is the Topic Selection. That should be considered in the selection of the topic is;

1. Election Topics / Issues for Scientific Work
There are several things to consider when deciding on a topic for scientific work. In truth the writing must follow the rules of content, assessment methods, and procedures that are scholarly writing. One way to meet these rules is to make the selection of topics is clear and specific. Election transform scientific kerya can be done in a way;

a. formulate goals
The formulation of a clear and precise objectives to be very important to be able to produce scientific papers focused his discussion. Tips can be done to formulate such objectives;
1) Try to formulate objectives in a simple sentence;
2) Ask questions using one word question to the formula that we make;
3) If we can answer with certainty the questions we ask, the formulation of objectives means that we make sufficiently clear and precise.

b. Determining Topics
The first step that must be performed to determine the topic is to determine the main ideas. Then test and ask yourself if the ideas that we are going to write.

c. browse topics
When a topic has been determined, we still have to focus on the topic so that the writing on target. Some steps that can be taken in focusing the topic;
1) Focus on the topics to be easily manageable;
2) Ask a question
2. Identifying Readers Scientific
Liability is an author of scientific papers will satisfy the information needs of its readers, by way of conveying a message that is written to be easily understood by readers. Before writing, we have to identify who you think he will read our posts. It needs to be taken into account when we write scientific papers so that our posts right on target.
3. Determining the Scope of Scientific Content Matter
Coverage of the material is the type and amount of information to be presented in writing.

Information Collection for Scientific Writing

A.MEMANFAATKAN LIBRARY AS A SOURCE OF DATA, INFORMATION, AND MATERIALS FOR WRITING

Libraries generally provide a wide collection of data or information that is recorded in various forms of media, such as print and audiovisual media.
The first thing we should do when entering the library is to understand where the resources are needed. One of the places that we should aim at is the reference section. This reference section contains a collection of encyclopedia customarily, indexes, bibliographies, atlases and dictionaries.

1. Seeking Book with Online Catalog and Card Catalog
Search Online Catalog book in a manner usually using a computer terminal. We can search for books by title and author's name are unclear or ask the computer to find the files associated with the topic we're writing.
In addition to using a computer, we can also use the Card Catalog to search for a book or article that we need. In general, the book collection of the library recorded in three (3) types of card catalog, the catalog that contains data about the author / authors, titles and subjects / specific topics.

2. Checking Library Materials which has been obtained
After library materials collected we should examine these materials are appropriate or not to the topics we write. How is check out library materials;
a. Set the time to read
b. Read selectively
c. Please read responsibly
d. Read critically

3. Creating Notes of Library Materials
One of the best and simplest way to make this record was always refers to the index cards that we have created.

4. Creating Summary and 'paraphrasing'
In addition to making the record, we can make a summary or paraphrasing of reading materials that we get in the success of our writing project.

5. Creating Quotes
We must quote exactly and what it is reading a statement of sources that we use if the statement is a fundamental view of the author, and if we change into our own language to obscure the real meaning.


INTERVIEW DO TO GET INFORMATION FOR WRITING

There are four things to consider when going to conduct interviews for the purpose of scientific writing projects, namely;
1. Determining the right person to be interviewed
2. Preparing interview guidelines
3. Conducting interviews
4. Rework interviews

  2. Process of writing

THE BEGINNING



A. Cover page
Contains the complete title, the word "scientific papers" filed as ..., emblem, name of author, institution, year, city.
B. Approval Sheet
Contains, Scientific Paper by ..., has been approved for presentation. Full name of supervisor 1 and the supervisor 2, and both signatures.
C. Abstract
Contains background, the problem under study, methods used, results obtained, the conclusions that can be drawn, and if there are suggestions.
Note: Making the abstract is done when researchers have come to the conclusion of the study. Abstract outlines of the study conducted by researchers.
D. Preface
Contains thanksgiving, research summaries, gratitude, hope constructive criticism and suggestions.
E. Table of Contents
Loading chapter titles, section headings, section headings children who places are loaded with the page number in the text. All chapter titles scraped with a capital letter.
F. List of tables
Load the table number, table title and page number for each table. Titles tables that require more than one single-spaced lines, the title of the table with another table title given distance of 2 spaces.
G. List of figures
Specify the number of images, image title, and page number of places are loaded in the text.


CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
a. Background Research
Described the outline of which will be investigated / observed, investigated why, how and for what menyalidikinya investigated or researched.
b. Identify the Problem
Elaborating more clear about the problem that has been set on the background of the study. It contains an explicit formulation of the problems inherent in the phenomenon. Formulation sorted according to the order of the intensity of its influence in the research topic. The shape is usually a sentence or question may also be a concern evocative sentence statement.
c. boundary problem
Its use that issue to be discussed is not widened, with restrictions on the problem type or nature of the relationship between the variables that arise in the formulation of the problem, and the smaller the subek research scope. Boundary problem is usually described in the form of a statement sentence.
d. formulation of the problem
An attempt to declare expressly that the questions about to be answered, a complete and detailed statement of the scope of issues to be examined based on the identification problem. Tanya in sentence format. Formulation of the problem that will either display the variables to be studied, the type or nature of the relationship between these variables, and the subject of research.
e. The purpose of the study
Intent or things to be achieved, as well as the intended target by researchers. Pour in the form of a sentence in the statement.
f. usefulness of Research
Expectations related to the results of research, both practical and theoretical. To the extent that the research is useful in practical usefulness, as well as the development of science as something basic foundation of further development. There must be a balance between the usefulness of the research results to the practical aspects of science with aspects.

g. framework
Describe how to drain the mindset of researchers according to the theoretical framework and the concept of the logical framework, the framework of deductive reasoning. Usually presented in the form of a flowchart.
h. Research Hypothesis.
The hypothesis is a temporary answer to the problem to be identified. Form of the sentence is a sentence in accordance with the terms of the statement "proportional", ie sentences consisting of two variables. The research hypothesis proposed after researchers conducted a literature review, because it's basically a summary of the research is theoretical conclusions obtained from literature review.


CHAPTER II LITERATURE
§ Study book contains two main points
1. Theoretical description of objects / variables studied.
2. Conclusion of the study which include arguments over hypotheses that have been proposed in Chapter 1.
§ Material selection literature review is based on two criteria:
1. Principles kemuthakiran (except for historical research)
2. Principle of relevance.
Each keerangan obtained from literature sources and included in the compulsory papers of reference information (referral).

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
§ Design Research
Strategy set the background research so that researchers obtain valid data in accordance with the characteristics of the variables and research purposes.
§ Population and sample
Population and precise sample used in quantitative research. However, if the targets are all members of the study population, would be more appropriate to use the term subject of research, especially in experimental research. In a survey respondent data sources commonly known and referred to the informant in qualitative research. This is discussed in the population and the sample are:
1. Identification and limits on population and sample.
2. Procedures and sampling techniques.
3. Magnitude of the sample.
§ The research instrument
Relate instrument used to measure the variables, after it presented a data collection instrument development procedure or selection tools and materials used in the study.
§ Data collection techniques
This section describes:
1. Steps taken and techniques used to collect the data.
2. Qualifications and number of personnel involved in the data collection process.
3. Schedule and timing of data collection.
§ Data Analysis
  Describe what type of statistical analysis used


CHAPTER IV RESULTS
a. Description of data
Describe each of the variables studied. In the description of the data for each vaiabel reported research results that have been processed with descriptive statistical techniques, such as frequency distributions, graphs or histograms, mean values​​, standard deviations, etc..
b. testing the hypothesis

CHAPTER V ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The purpose of this chapter is a discussion of:
1. Answering the research problem or show how to achieve the research objectives.
2. Interpret research findings.
3. Analyzing the results of the study.
4. Integrating research findings into a set of knowledge that has been established.
5. Modifying existing theory or to develop new theories.
6. Describe other implications of the research, including the limitations of the research findings.

CHAPTER VI FINAL
1. Conclusions
Conclusions directly related to the formulation of the problem and research objectives. Conclusions can also be drawn from the results of the discussion. The conclusion summarizes the results of research studies that have been described in detail in Chapter IV.
2. Suggestion
Suggestions put forward should always be rooted in the findings of the research, discussion, and conclusion of the study. Advice can be shown on an institution such as government, agency, or private, or other parties deemed appropriate.
Bibliography
Ø The first line starts at the left margin, and then in the second line began with three beats to the right.
Ø The distance between rows is 1.5 spaces.
Ø Bibliography alphabetically sorted on the first letter of the author's name.
Ø If the same author wrote several scientific papers cited, the author's name should be listed again.
technique:
Ø The author's name that begins with writing family name.
Ø Year published scientific papers in question.
Ø Title of scientific papers by using capital letters for the first letter of each word except for conjunctions and prepositions, written in italics formatting.
Ø Data publication contains the name and the city where the publisher name.
example:
Hadi, Sutrisno. , 1984. Methodology Research. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Faculty of Psychology.
APPENDIX

Format For Writing Essay IPA.
Basically scientific papers containing the same format as other writings such as social writings. However, there are differences in Chapter III or the research methodology. At the Science Research Methodology CHAPTER III replaced with "Materials and How it Works", in which it involves:

CHAPTER VII MATERIALS AND METHOD

This chapter is a chapter written work arrangement tailored to the type of research conducted. Presentation of experimental studies patterned can be divided into four sections, namely:
A. Location
Written place and time of the study. Description of the place is given as completely as possible. If you need to complete the coordinates and maps.
B. Materials
Outlined all the materials used in the study, both samples and consumables, such as chemicals. Mention the materials used should be accompanied by a detailed description. For example, chemicals should be accompanied by a trademark.
example:
1. Samples
a. Sperm was obtained from the patient (patient) RSCM aged 30-35 years suffering .... etc.. (here need to be given clear information about the condition, as it will not be discussed further in section workings.
b. Tape yeast samples randomly purchased in market X, Y, and Z in the dry state and wrapped.
2. Chemicals
All chemicals than proanalisis degrees, with the exception of alcohol
Example: Citric Acid 50g
36g K2HPO4
Na Cl 10g
3. Equipment
Written in a clear and thorough equipment used in research. The equipment inside the laboratory written in full.
Example: Spektronic suspension density gauge 20.
Nikon FM camera images.
Microscope.
Pumpkin Elyemeyer.
4. How it Works
Declare everything that is done in the study.: How sampling, sample treatment in the field and in the laboratory, as well as preservation (if any). Details of how to be careful and clear that if other researchers repeated under the same conditions will give the same results anyway. Description can be:

a. How to take a sample.
b. How to treat samples in the field and in the laboratory.
c. How to maintain a research object for study.
d. How to make a solution.
e. How to determine PH, temperature, humidity.
f. How to perform the assay of a substance or compound.
g. How to incubate a culture, etc..

If using statistics, this chapter concludes with an explanation of the statistical methods used to process the data obtained. The theory does not need to be described, simply by mentioning the reference. For example, the calculation included in the appendix.

3. Evaluation

Title & Abstract

Title:
Is the title given easy to understand?
Is there a "conformity" between the title and content of scientific papers?
For example:
Title: "Adoption of E-Commerce in Helping Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia"

Contents: Only discuss only the E-Catalog
              (Cat. E-Commerce is not just the E-Catalog, E-Bidding covered well, the E-Purchase, etc.)

Title should be changed to: "Adoption of E-Catalog in E-Commerce to Help Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia"

abstract
Does the abstract describe the contents of text?
2Tema central & Problems

Central theme:
Is the central theme clearly defined?
Are there linkages between the themes discussed problems?
Identify the Problem:
Whether the problem is explicitly disclosed and effectively?
The extent to which the relevant issues dealt with "state of the art" of the discipline of computer science?

3 Goals & Benefits

Research Objectives:
Is the research objectives are clearly defined?
Is there any relevance to the research problem research purposes?
Benefits of Research:
What are the benefits of research are clearly defined?
Are the benefits of a practical or theoretical benefits?
The extent to which these benefits can describe the weight of a thesis?
4Kerangka, Library, and Methods

Framework:
Is the above bullet points are explicitly presented in the form of a subtitle?
Review of Literature:
The extent to which originality and topicality of the research?
Methods:
Is the method chosen are relevant to the issues presented?
What is the basis for the selection of the method?
5Hasil & Discussion

Results and Discussion:
Is done in a systematic discussion?
How data and results are presented and interpreted?
Is there a logical flow of thought in the delivery of the discussion?
The extent to which this discussion according to the research problem?
Are there any new inventions submitted by the researcher?
Conclusion 6Penarikan

Withdrawal Conclusion:
Are the conclusions drawn are supported by empirical data that has been interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively?
Are researchers using deductive or inductive logic in drawing conclusions?
The extent to which this study contributes to the advancement of science?
Are researchers gave impetus to conduct further research?
General 7Komentar

General Comments:
Show various spelling errors, ineffective sentences, paragraphs that do not have a theme in your thesis being observed. List some examples of such errors and repairs.