RAISING FROGS

1 . BRIEF HISTORY

Raising a frog has done in some countries , both hot and temperate climates 4 seasons . Noted European countries that have farmed frogs include: France , Netherlands , Belgium , Albania , Romania , West Germany , Britain , Denmark and Greece , the United States and Mexico . While in Asia , China , Bangladesh , Indonesia , Turkey , India and Hong Kong, which has cultivated a frog .

History frogs of unknown origin , as found almost everywhere , due to its ability to adapt to the surrounding environment . Frog is widely cultivated in Indonesia ( Rana catesbeiana ) from Taiwan , despite the frog originally came from South America .

2 . CENTER OF FISHERIES

Initially frog cultivation trials conducted in Klaten ( Hall fingerlings ) , which then spread to Central Java . In West Java breeding toads were encountered in the coastal areas of North , in addition to cultivating frog Northern coastal communities also captured from the wild . Then in West Sumatra and Bali is also a breeding center for frogs .

3 . TYPE

1 2 3 4

Toads belong to the order Anura , the amphibians without tails . In order Anura there are more than 250 genera comprising 2600 species . There are 4 different types of frog native to Indonesia that consumed by our society , namely :

Rana Macrodon ( green frog ) , decorated in green and greenish brown spots and grow up to 15 cm .

Cancrivora Rana ( frog rice ) , living in rice fields and badannyadapat reach 10 cm , mottled brown body on his body .

Limnocharis Rana ( frog swamp ) , who have tasted the most delicious meat , its size is only 8 cm .

Musholini Rana ( frog rock / giant ) . Only found in Sumatra , especially West Sumatra. weighed 1.5 kg . And length was 22 cm .

4 . BENEFITS

Frog meat is a source of animal protein of high nutritional content . Waste toads are not used as a human food ingredient can be used to feed animals , such as ducks and chickens . Frog skin that has been separated from the body can be processed into crackers frog skin . Frog head that had to be taken apart and used hipofisanya gland to stimulate the frog in artificial insemination . Frog meat is believed to cure several diseases .

5 . REQUIREMENTS LOCATION

Height of the ideal location for the cultivation of frogs is 1600 asl .

But the soil is not too skewed and not too flat , ideal slope of 1-5 % , meaning that within a distance of 100 m slope distance between the edges 1-5

m .

The water is clear or slightly mixed mud is available all time . Clear water will expedite the process of hatching eggs .

Toads can live in water temperature 2-35 degrees C. The temperature when eggs are hatching anata 24-27 degrees C , with a humidity of 60-65 % .

Water contains oxygen around 5-6 ppm , or 3 ppm minimum . Dissolved carbon dioxide is no more than 25 ppm .

Close to the water source and the water can be cultivated in and out smoothly and free of drought and flooding .

6 . TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

Preparation Facility and Equipment

pond

In the process of making a pool , must not only dig or hoard alone but must combine the two so that will get the shape and construction of an ideal . To enter into the pool of water required channel construction is made of red or brick masonry reinforced with cement and sand . The shape of this channel typically inverted trapezoidal and in some places the water inlet to the pond made ​​a small kobakan to trap water for easy entry into the pools . Swimming is needed include: pond frog care , parent ponds before mated , spawning ponds , hatchery ponds , treatment ponds tadpoles , pond and pool enlargement enlargement percil juvenile frog . The pool still needs coupled with pool maintenance brood .

Pool Frog Care

The extent of 15 square meters with a size of 3 x 5 m , which consists of 0.40 m walls and walls of plastic wire as high as 1 m , the floor is made ​​of cement and brick composed of 2/3 parts of a pool filled with water as high as 10-15 cm and third part dry .

Spawning Pool .

Swimming is made of cement and plastic wire above the wall . The depth of water in the pool is approximately 0.30 to 0.40 m and the adjoining mainland made ​​. Solid tail maintenance every 15 square meters , with a ratio of three females and one male . To be more comfortable , should not muddy floor central plains , and ponds planted with water hyacinth . provide food in the form of small fish , crabs and snails mating period is marked with a melodious voice . Shortly thereafter , their eggs floating in the pool water and immediately transferred to the hatchery ponds .

Swimming Hatching

Hatchery ponds created several pieces , from wall 30 cm deep with water and aerated water flow or wide . Total pond area 10 m² .

pool Tadpole

Consists of several pools , each ranging in size anta 5 m² - 6 m² , with a sub-floor made ​​of cement .

Young frog pond

In this pool frogs are kept less than 2 months old . Made a few pieces with each 15 m² extent , with walls and wire . Sloping floor with a water area third section with a depth of 15-35 cm .

Adult Frog pond .

At this pool frogs are aged between 2-6 months . Swimming is required consisting of 2 , with a wide each approximately 20 m² ,

the basic construction and dinidng walls and wire . Required water depth between 30-40 cm .

Preparing for Production Pool

When the bottom of the pool floor is made from ground , processed and bottom hoe - hoe and littered with manure until deemed ready for habitation . Swimming is left unused for a month first . During that included a pool of water , silenced and removed repeatedly . Prepare the tools to make artificial rain , both the former and the drum using springkel due to the process of mating toads usually occur during the

rainy . Should be planted with lotus ponds , water hyacinth , velvetleaf and algae which serves to place the mother frog gentle petting and attach their eggs and to improve the quality of the pool water and enhances oxygen content .

Nurseries

For breeding frogs that are sought are from American bull frog species ( Bull frog ) , diamping tastes good too can weigh up to 1.5 kg . It could also be the type of frog stone of West Sumatra , which until now has not been optimally cultivated , because people still take it

of nature . The good condition of cattle was selected healthy seeds and mature sex . Healthy , no defects , no crooked legs and normal position , as well as a balanced swimming style . Make sure the frog legs are not red leg disease ( red legs ) .

Seed Selection and Prospective Parent

Choose healthy frogs and large. Besides, note also the secondary sex signs . Separate aircraft by type

sex . Separation is done about 1-2 days intended to further stimulate the appetite among them when it's time they met . For moms who want to be mated should be given food chopped fresh snail meat and other artificial foods .

Seed treatment and Prospective Parent

Male and female parent aged 4 months were injected intramuscularly with growth stimulating gonadotrophin dose of 200-250 IU / head / month .

Spawning system

Naturally

Male and female parent who has been separated for 1-2 days together in the spawning pond . Wild fish can ruin spawning . Note that frog eggs do not go wasted water disposal . In the evening or early morning when the temperature starts to decrease , then we need to help smooth the process of spawning , namely to create artificial rain .

system Hipofisasi

Cutting-edge way to breeding frogs mating system is a way of injecting an extract of the pituitary gland to stimulate the toads mating in the time that we want . With this system we can intensify seeding , reduce mortality , care for frog eggs that have been fertilized in its place , giving assurance that the eggs will be fertilized by the sperm and not entirely

require artificial rain . Injecting the female body usually on the back , abdomen and head . injections in the abdominal cavity has been chosen .

Reproduction and Marriage

Injected frog to be accommodated in the aquarium and a small amount of water and covered with wire netting to facilitate the arrest . the frogs are of legal age and in a state of mature eggs . When injected frog wrapped with a cloth so as not to wriggle hapa .

Frog that had been injected and then removed in another aquarium and monitored every hour . After 12 hours , the frog was injected back so that they are able to spawn entirely . After the females were injected 2 times and the show will spawn , then we prepare the testes of the male parent . Sperm from the testicles removed by cutting with a sharp small needle and put into a petri dish that was filled with pond water clean . Once the water becomes turbid and testicular cup is empty , then the left testis fluid for 10 min at room temperature . If sperm is active ( can be seen under a microscope ) , then massaged her belly toad females lay their eggs in order to get out . Eggs cultivated semen falls over , then shake and let stand for a few minutes . Eggs are experiencing conception will undergo rotation .

The eggs then hatched and the water was changed every day to keep the temperature in the range of 24-27 degrees C and pH of the water was also observed . In natural systems , artificial rain used to stimulate the process of mating toads , as described above.

maintenance

Maintenance performed at each stage of growth frogs , toads terrgantung growth and health of the food and the suitability of residence . Toads were fed 1 time a day , the water in the pond is replaced and cleaned once a week .

Sanitation and Preventive Actions

The fertilized egg , transferred to the hatchery ponds . The pool is cleaned from pests and dirt before use . The eggs must be separated from the mother so that the eggs are not disturbed penetasannya process and not eaten by the mother . Moving the nest egg not to break or mucus . The eggs will hatch after 48-72 hours at water temperature of 24-27 degrees C. When it hatched on the same pool maintained for 10 days .

Animal care

Young frog who have experienced metamorphose placed on a permanent pond . Income and expenditure should be given water filter to avoid pests and prevent toads released into the public peraiaran . Density is 50-100 tails / m² . If we maintain the kind of bull frog who does not like food that is not moving , the food should be placed under the flow of water / shower . After 3 months old , toads selected based on hind legs , skin and body size . The amounts in the selection of 20% of the total pool of candidates and transferred to the parent , while the remainder maintained until harvest time at the age of 4-5 months . Frog adult ( mature Gonada ) for seeds , both male and female glands injected with frog hiphopisa much as 1 dose . The injection was performed 1 month ( if the system uses hiphopisa ) and dense planting as many as 20-25 fish / m² .

feeding

There are various kinds of food that can be given to a frog in the pond and in the pond enlargement enlargement parcels juvenile frog . Food percil to adult frog form of chopped snail meat , minced meat fish , caterpillars , grubs , insects , noodles , meatballs and various seed - fish as well as crabs and other small ketaman . Can also be given artificial food , artificial food by concocting we can arrange according to age level frog , which sometimes hard to do when we give him food directly obtained from nature . Thus, the problem is often experienced as food size larger than the width of the mouth opening frog does not need to happen again .

7 . PEST AND DISEASE

Diseases , Pests and Causes

Frog disease is generally caused by fungal and bacterial attack . Red thigh , wounds and skin blister is a disease that attacks the frogs are 1-2 months old , contagious and attacks the nervous system , so it will die within a few hours .

Attack Prevention Diseases and Pests

Bacteria can attack tadpoles , symptoms and white tail wound . Overcome by separating the tadpoles are attacked , the pool was cleaned with PK , a dose of 0.05 grams / liter 15 days , please do not provide food protein content of 10-15 % due to overdose stomach will become bloated toad . Treatment with the antibiotic streptomycin / tetracycline , external medicine with the use of betadine , or immersed in NaCl 0.15 grams / liter of water for 30 minutes , repeated up to 4 times .

Giving Vaccinations and Drugs

Treatment of leg ulcers in red and toads , frogs bathed in a solution with Nifurene 50-100 g / m² of water , or by injection teramisin 25 mg / kg , or streptomycin 20 mg / kg frog . Rectal diseases treated by separate out and rest 2-3 days and not fed . Other diseases are rectal prolapse ( ambaien ) on percil ( young frogs ) . To overcome this , the population should not be too crowded and the pool should be clean and the provision of calorie content in food should not exceed a dose of 3400 cl / kg food .

8 . HARVEST

Main results

The main results are produced meat

by-product

While additional results that can be obtained by processing the waste is the result of cuts to be used as silage ; with the addition of propionic and formic acid milled together with the way the food for these animals hold up to 2 months at moderate temperatures . Another byproduct of the flour used , where the mineral content and protein is still high enough to be used as animal feed additives . Toads are not sold / culled hiphofisanya can be taken to the next spawning .

arrest

Before weeded , frogs usually placed in shelters . The shelter can be a box of frogs wood or cement tanks smooth drainage .

9 . Postharvest

Post-harvest handling process is also very easy . To keep the frog alive and fresh , then we can use burlap sacks or bags moistened cloth . Transportation safest conducted in the morning or evening . If freight carried for long distances so it need a wooden box specially designed and scaled to the capacity of the wooden box .

10 . ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CULTURE

10.1 Cultivation of Business Analysis

Overview of economic analysis bull frog farming ( rana catesbeiana ) , to estimate the benefits to be obtained and to avoid items that are not important . The small -scale hatchery operations frog 200 m² with the following assumptions :

Land area : 200 m²

Broad pool : 125 m²

parent storage pool : 9 m²

male parent pool : 3m ²

female parent pool : 3 m²

spawning pool / marriage : 9 m²

hatchery ponds : 8 m²

tadpole pool : 21 m²

percil pool : 20 m²

adult frog pond : 30 m²

and other waterways : 22 m²

Number of Parent .

female parent : 6 tail , male : 4 tails

mated parent : 3 females 2 jantanr

eggs produced as many as 30,000 + rounds / spawning .

Long maintenance : 5 months

Spawning frequency : 3 times / year

Given type of food : worms , maggots , juvenile fish , minced snail , flour with a protein content of 35 % + .

While the estimates of economic business analysis frog farming as follows :

capital investment

construction of ponds / cages Rp 125 m² . 2.500.000 , -

tools and master Rp . 500.000 , -

Working capital ( operational )

fixed costs

depreciation of buildings ( 8 % ) Rp . 200.000 , -

depreciation of equipment ( 20 % ) Rp . 100.000 , -

capital interest ( 18 % ) Rp . 540,000 , -

wages ( 1 year ) Rp . 360.000 , -

variable costs

toads feed 4,500 kg @ Rp . 250 , - USD . 1,125,000 , -

tadpoles feed 200 kg 2 Rp . 400 , - USD . 80.000 , -

repair cages ( 5 % ) Rp . 150.000 , -

ground rent of Rp . 35.000 , -

administration and marketing Rp . 200.000 , -

other Rp . 292 500 , -

Amount of capital needed to Rp . 6.0825 million , -

sale

Production percil tail * @ Rp 45,000 . 100 USD . 4.500.000 , -

Production of commercial frog ** 2 x 1,500 @ Rp . 300 USD . 900.000 , -

Total income of Rp . 5.400.000 , -

Operating Costs

Fixed costs Rp . 1.200.000 , -

Variable costs Rp . 1.8825 million , -

Total operating costs Rp . 3.0825 million , -

Net income before tax of Rp . 2.3175 million , -

15 % tax of Rp . 347 625 , -

Net income of Rp . 1,969,875 , -

P V = 0.61

Break even point ( B.E.P ) Rp . 1,843,317.90

BC = 1.75

The repayment time ( PPC ) = 1.5 years

Sources : Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute ( Balitkanwar ) Bogor , ( Jl. Sempur No. 1 . Bogor )

Description :

Production percil counted only living , about 55 % of the spawning 3 times . Mortality of about 45 % .

Among living percil , approximately 1,500 commercial tail grew into frogs . During the year of commercial production can be harvested frog 2 times .

10.2 . Agribusiness Opportunity

Frog is a fairly non-oil commodity export potential . Since 1969 Indonesia has export the thigh frog into a variety of States . Even Indonesia as the country 's third largest exporter of frog thigh after India and Bangladesh . Now, the increasing scarcity of frogs in nature due to the massive manhunt that shortages will increasingly frog meat . It is demanding a toad is intensive farming to produce meat that is still a frog farming exports that can provide benefits .

11 . REFERENCES

Susanto , Heru , Frog Raising Superior , Self spreader , jakarta 1998.126 things

Green frog in the courtyard cultivate , Sinar Tani , June 23, 1993

Calf Frog Cultivation , Fisheries Department of West Java Province DT , 1990

Bullies Frog Ox , Grow , October 1992 .

Triwibowo , R , DVM , Animal Breeding Techniques Frog , Poster, 10 October 1993.

Raising Superior Frog , Poster, October 1989 .

Waste Alternative Frog Fish Meal , Surabaya Post , July 6, 1993 .

Flour Beetle High Protein Feed , Agrobis , 8 November 1993

12 . RELATIONS CONTACT

Rural Community Economic Development Project - Coconut No. Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS . 7 Jakarta , Tel . 021 390 9829 , Fax . 021 390 9829

Office of the State Minister for Research and Technology , Correctional Deputy of Administrative and Technology , BPPT Building II, 6th Floor , Jl . No. M.H.Thamrin . 8 , Jakarta 10340 , Indonesia , Tel . +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69 , Fax . +62 21 310 1952 , Website : http://www.ristek.go.id